QAZAQ GREEN.   Four out of 15 key clean energy technologies — solar power, wind energy, electric vehicles and biofuels — are already more cost-effective than fossil fuel-based alternatives, according to a new analysis by the EU's Joint Research Centre based on 2025 data.

Based on 2025 data, the study finds that four out of 15 key clean energy technologies—solar power, wind energy, electric vehicles and biofuels—are already more cost-effective than fossil fuel-based alternatives. These technologies are considered ready for large-scale deployment and are progressing in line with global climate targets.

The findings are presented in the latest Global Energy and Climate Outlook (GECO) 2025, which evaluates how current policies and investment trends align with climate goals through 2050.

At the same time, several technologies—including energy storage, nuclear power and low-emission transport solutions—are advancing but still require additional policy support to scale up deployment. Other solutions, such as synthetic fuels and carbon capture technologies, remain at an earlier stage and will need sustained innovation and investment.

The report stresses that achieving climate targets will require a full portfolio of technologies, including both low-carbon and negative-emission solutions.

Sector analysis shows that solar and wind remain among the cheapest sources of electricity in many markets, while energy storage is expected to play a growing role in integrating renewable energy. Electric vehicle adoption is projected to expand rapidly, although segments such as heavy transport will need continued policy backing.

The study also highlights risks associated with global trade fragmentation. According to the analysts, such processes may help reduce emissions but come at a significant cost to the global economy and slow down deep decarbonisation.